Florence invented the Renaissance in miniature, packed inside a river valley city that never held more than sixty thousand people until long after its golden age had passed. Bankers, wool merchants and the Medici family paid for the churches, palaces and paintings that later ages would call priceless, and the results still fill a compact historic centre that UNESCO listed as a single World Heritage Site in 1982.
What makes it unique
The city's wealth came from banking and wool before it came from art, and its greatest painters, sculptors and architects worked for patrons who wanted their family names attached to churches and chapels. Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Botticelli and Donatello all left work within walking distance of each other, an unusual concentration for a city this size.
Neighbourhoods to know
The centro storico around the Duomo holds the cathedral, Palazzo Vecchio and the Uffizi within a few streets of each other, largely closed to traffic. San Lorenzo, behind the Medici Chapels, keeps the leather stalls and the covered Mercato Centrale. Across the Arno, the Oltrarno spreads out from Ponte Vecchio around the Pitti Palace, with artisan workshops and the climb to Piazzale Michelangelo and San Miniato al Monte.
When to go and for how long
April to June and September to October bring milder days than the summer heat, which regularly passes thirty degrees in July and August. Three full days cover the Duomo complex, the Uffizi, the Accademia and the Oltrarno at a steady pace, with a fourth useful for a Tuscan day trip.
Getting around
The historic centre is small enough to cross on foot in under half an hour, and most of the main sights sit within a twenty minute walk of each other. Buses reach the hills around Piazzale Michelangelo and San Miniato for visitors who prefer not to climb, and the airport tram connects Peretola to the city centre in about twenty minutes.